To understand the various applications of satellite navigation better, it is necessary to understand how a satellite based navigation system works. Eschewing all high-tech details, an attempt to explain the fundamentals in a layman’s language is certainly a tall order. This write up is based on the US-based GPS system, which is one of the best in service.

The GPS uses 24 active satellites going around the earth all 24 hours of the day. They orbit the earth twice in a day. They orbit at an altitude of 20,000 km above the surface of the earth, inclined to the earth’s equator at 550.

Triangulation is a trigonometric operation to find out one’s location and one which the old-world navigators used. One would need a map of the area and a compass too.

The case with the satellite and the earth is slightly more complicated. One has to deal with a sphere and three satellites, but the process, however, is quite similar. The GPS signal receiver has to be on the intersection of the perimeter of three spheres of radius 20,000 km, which is the orbital distances of the satellites. This places the receiver at one specific point, as the other possible point would be in air or under an ocean. The actual orbital distance is calculated from the time the signals take to reach the receiver from the satellite. Their velocity is the velocity of radio waves which is the velocity of light, 300,000 km/s. Various corrections are applied for interference in the stratosphere, ionosphere and the earth’s atmosphere. The rest of the calculations depends on the application and are besides these and is done in the signal receiver.